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The Significance of the Social Security Act to Social Work...

It’s the 1930s and the United States of America is in turmoil. Banks are closing, the stock market has crashed and people are losing their homes and jobs. Everyone in America is suffering from the Great Depression. The Great Depression began in 1929 when the stock markets crashed; this was the beginning of ten long years of economic suffering for those in America. With many out of jobs and homes, it was time for a change to happen. With the election of Roosevelt in 1933, something new was on its way. During Roosevelts first 100 days in office, his administration passed legislation that aimed to stabilize industrial and agricultural production, create jobs and stimulate recovery. (AE Television Networks, 2013). As his presidency†¦show more content†¦The goal was to ensure that families stayed intact and that they received help so that they could make through everyday life. other goals of social security are to In order for that goal to be a reality, there had to be pr ovision as to who could and receive the aid. The first sets of provision to look at are those for the benefits of those of old-age. The social security act is supposed to provide income for those who have retired at an old age. One the provision for this was that Old-age benefits would be paid to all employees based upon the received wages when they were employed. However, this didn’t apply to those who were farmers, worked from home, people who worked on boat, employees of the government, employees of a carrier, and employees of a non-profit organization. In addition, in order to receive these benefits one has to be at least 65 years of age, could not have received less than 2,000 total wages after December 31st.1936, and before the age of 65 (Social Security , 2013). When it comes to receiving unemployment benefits, the provision consists of eight things. These provisions mostly have to do with the approval to receive these benefits by the state. The social security act created many programs to help those who were poor and couldn’t afford to take care of themselves just with their paychecks alone. These programs came with many provisions. This is whyShow MoreRelatedAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial role as a concept that informs social work practice, especially with Aboriginal parents despite the fact that its applicability with Aboriginal people is yet to be established. 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ThroughoutRead MoreImpact Of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act1334 Words   |  6 PagesCorrupt Practices Act Some would say that in order to accomplish global corporate success, and growth, one must â€Å"work† the system to their advantage. In the 1970’s there was an increased awareness of illicit payments used to bribe foreign governments. Several headlines had shaped the U.S. government’s concern; acting as a catalyst for the development and establishment of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. This Act, even to this day, is recognized for its purpose of prohibiting the practice of corruptRead MoreEmployment and Public Contracts Act1143 Words   |  5 Pages1. Which Act sets the minimum wage , and what is the current wage rate? The Fair Labor Standards Act sets the minimum wage.The current minimum wage is $7.25/h. 2. Under the FLSA, what information concerning the employees wages earned must be maintained by the employer? 1. Day and time of day when work-week begins. 2. 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Oilwell Cable Company, Inc. Free Essays

1. If Norm chooses to go ahead with the microprocessor conversion on the machinery without passing it by the team he runs the risk of having a conflict with the production team. In the past a similar situation had caused significant trouble and Norm did not want to rock the boat for the sake of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Oilwell Cable Company, Inc. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company structure is such that each team decides on matters pertaining to their area and Norm’s decision to implement the change would definitely cause a stir. The implementation of the microprocessor would cut production time by 1 percent and reduce scrap from the current rate of 1 percent down to one-half percent (Meredith, 227) . The other advantage of implementing the change without the consent of the production team would be that it would get done at a faster pace. The current management structure was such that it took a lot of time and energy on the employees’ part to come to a decision (Meredith, pg 229). 2. If Norm decides to consult the team prior to implementing the change the number one issue will be the time it takes for them to come to a decision. The team is known for taking a really long time to reach any decision (Meredith, pg 229). This decision process uses a lot of the employees’ time and energy which could be utilized in a much better way. The biggest advantage of including the production team in the decision making process for the implementation of the microprocessor would be that Norm would get their buy in. This would be key for the success of the idea. The team dynamics are such that once the team agrees to a change or idea, the implementation is quick (Meredith, pg 229). 3. The approval and implementation of the microprocessor by the production team represents a functional form of project organization. 4. Given the size of the company and the work they did along with the functionalized project organization it does not make sense to have a PMO. Since most of their work is based around the production of cables I see no point in having a PMO. A major contribution of PMOs is to establish project administration procedures for selecting, initializing and planning, budgeting and scheduling projects as well as serve as a repository for reports on the performance of the planning, budgeting, scheduling, and resource allocation processes (Meredith Mantel, pg 193). The structure of the organization does not require a PMO since decisions are made at the team level and not from a management level hence a PMO is not required. Func†¦ How to cite Oilwell Cable Company, Inc., Essay examples

Purple Loosestrife Essay Example For Students

Purple Loosestrife Essay The scene is breathtakingly beautiful, a thick brush of purple flowers blanketsCanadas wetlands. This blanket silences the expected sounds of the wetlandenvironment, birds chirping, ducks splashing, insects buzzing and animalsthriving. This unnatural silence is disturbing, the favourite flowers that usedto litter this landscape are no longer visible, the water that used to ripplecontinuously is perfectly still. The wetland is dead, except for thisoverpowering, hardy purple flower that has choked out all other vegetation andspecies. Purple loosestrife now controls this landscape. Purple loosestrife is an exotic species that was introduced to North Americafrom Europe during the early 1800s. Europeans sailing to North America wouldfill their ships ballast with wet sand taken from shores of Europe, a habitatwhere purple loosestrife thrived. Upon arrival in North America the ballastwould be dumped overboard on the shoreline. By 1830 the plant was wellestablished along the New England seaboard. Purple loosestrife seeds were alsofound in sheep and livestock feed that was imported from Europe during thisperiod. This new organism was introduced to a new habitat free from traditionalparasites, predators and competitors, purple loosestrife thrived in theenvironmental conditions and by 1880 was rapidly spreading north and westthrough the canal and marine routes. Purple loosestrife stands also increaseddue to the importation of seeds and root stalks by horticulturists. It wasintroduced to many communities as an herb, an ornamental garden flower and as adesirable honey pl ant. One of the earliest reported studies of purple loosestrife being a problem inCanada was documented by Mr. Louis Marie, in 1944. He stated that purpleloosestrife was invading the St. Lawrence flood plain pastures between Montrealand Quebec. At that time Louis Marie conducted a study to find suitablecontrol methods for purple loosestrife. His results indicated that repeatedmowing, continuous grazing, deep discing and harrowing were effective in keepingthe spread of purple loosestrife controlled on agriculture land. Since the1940s purple loosestrife infestations have increased greatly and the plant isnow a major problem threatening many wetland ecosystems across North America. Figure 1 Purple loosestrife flowers. (Parker 1993)Lythrum Salicaria, commonly known as purple loosestrife belongs to theLythraceae family, which consists of 25 genera and 550 species worldwide. Thegenus Lythrum consists of thirty five species, two of which are located inNorth America, Lythrum Purish which is native to the continent and the invasivepurple loosestrife. Through cross breeding, purple loosestrife is quicklyovertaking Lythrum Purish and causing a decrease in native species. Thegeneric name comes from the Greek luthrum, blood, possibly in reference to thecolour of the flowers or to one of its herbal uses, as an astringent to stopthe flow of blood. (Canadian Wildlife Federation 1993, 38) Purple loosestrife,an aggressive, competitive, invasive weed often grows to the height of a humanand when it is mature can be 1.5 metres in width. The stalk of the plant issquare and woody and may grow to 50 centimeters in diameter. The perennialrootstock can give rise to 50 stems annually which produce smooth edged leaveson oppositesides of the stalk. Purple loosestrife flowers are long pink andpurple spikes which bloom from June to September (Figure 1). One purpleloosestrife plant alone is solid and hardy but when this plant invades an areait creates a dense, impermeable stands whichFigure 2 Purple loosestrife growing in a typical habitat. (Parker 1993)are unsuitable as cover, food or resting sites for a wide range of nativewetland animals (Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1994). Due to thelack of predators which feed upon purple loosestrife, this dominant plant has anadvantage when competing against most other native wetland species for foodsunlight and space. These advantages allow purple loosestrife to create dense,monotypic stands which reduce the size and diversity of native plant populations. .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 , .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .postImageUrl , .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 , .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44:hover , .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44:visited , .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44:active { border:0!important; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44:active , .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44 .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u46b732a5a4223ceafe99df86cb38fe44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Honda case EssayPurple loosestrife can also grow on a range of substrates and under nutrientdeficit conditions. It has the ability to regenerate quickly after cutting ordamage and can withstand flooding once adult plants have been established. Thereare no native species that are as hardy as purple loosestrife, therefore withoutcompetition and predators the wetland ecosystem cannot control the spread ofpurple loosestrife. Purple loosestrife is now found world wide in wet, marshy places, coastal areas,ditches and stream banks. (See Figure 2) It is prevalent in most of Europe andAsia, the former USSR, the Middle East, North Africa, Tasmania, Australia andNorth America. It has not been found in cold

Material Selection and Process Office Chair

Introduction It has been argued that the success of a product depends heavily on its industrial design through visual and emotional appeal to the customer. This conclusion can be drawn based on the role of technical design which in turn relies on sound information on material (Ashby and Johnson 56). For this reason the material used in production of a product is very essential to the usefulness and effectiveness of the end product.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Material Selection and Process: Office Chair specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Data on materials can be found from a wide variety of sources including data sheets from material suppliers. Other sources of data included those tabulated in hand books. These data sheets are essential as they provide a source of vital information that needs to be considered in technical design (Ashby and Johnson 56). This information includes engineering data such as str ess analysis, thermal analysis, methods fro optimization and simulation. In addition to such data there is the role of sophisticated software tools that can be used in the design process. The design process is crucial to avoid issues related to poor design interface. For example, a TV switch so cleverly integrated into the body panel it can not be located with ease, or a tap designed too smooth for soapy fingers to turn, etc (Ashby and Johnson 56). A well designed product on the other hand will not only work well but will be easy to work with, thus user friendly. It is essential therefore to take into consideration the user friendliness of a product during design to improve the potential success of the product. In this report the product being considered for design is an office chair. As it has been established that material selection is crucial to this process, the report will concern itself with making appropriate decisions for material selection. It is hoped that by the end of th e report the major considerations will be understood and some potential candidates identified for the design of an office chair. Ergonomics Ergonomics is a discipline that is concerned with the study of work performance with special emphasis placed on worker safety and performance. This discipline developed form the interests of experts in various fields including medicine, physiology and engineering. This came following the realization that many work related injuries and diseases could be avoided through improvements in design of equipment and the workspace (Jacobs 5). The study of ergonomics is crucial as it is through such improvements that both the organization and individual can maximize performance and results (Jacobs 18). It has already been established that prevention of work related injuries is far cheaper than the treatment and potential litigation that may arise from negligence.Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Within an organization the prevention of accidents and disability management are the responsibility of all members of the organization. Such initiatives success relies entirely on the continuous support and commitment of the staff and and employers (Jacobs 278). This may be at times difficult given that occupational therapists may not be conversant with business and management concerns such as cost benefit analysis. For this reason it has been suggested that for improved acceptance it is important to consider business terms when preparing a proposal for ergonomic adjustments. Common Issues with Poor Chair Design It is not uncommon to receive complaints from workers whose duties require them to be seated for long hours. It is sometimes difficult to establish whether the chair itself is poorly designed or poorly suited for the individual. More often than not the case is the chair is not suited for the individual raising the question of a djustments (Jacobs 197). A poorly designed ergonomic chair design will be difficult to adjust and has poor access to features for height, inclination, a back rest and appropriate lumbar support (Jacobs 199). As opposed to this a good seat design will thus provide stability through the buttocks via the seat pan and the to the back via the back rest. In addition to this it may necessary to provide the seated individual easy movement while seated to allow to the user shift easily to various positions. There are three basic chair designs to consider when selecting an appropriate office chair. The first design is the fixed posture chair. This design tends to lock the user in an ‘ideal’ position by static posture settings. Alternatively the chair can be designed using a dynamic chair design which allows the user to move freely. These allow relatively easy adjustments in the features such as the backrest and in movement. The last option is the combination chair which allow the user to lock the chair in a suitable position as well as automatic changes (Jacobs 199). Regardless of the design selected it is crucial that the chair provide a satisfactory experience to the user. The Role of Material in Form The material selected plays a major role in the final form of the end product. This relationship is most visible in the case of architecture. The Eiffel tower, Parthenon and Golden gate bridge are well known symbols of specific ages expressing the possibilities using varied materials (Ashby and Johnson 99). However, a change in material would render the artistic concept of the architect useless and possibly destroy the renown of these well known structures.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Material Selection and Process: Office Chair specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This direct link arises due to the forces that materials possess thus suggesting varied capabilities with each new mate rial. Consideration must be given to the varied needs of the material in question during design to ensure the safety and suitability of the completed product. Due to this it has commonly been quoted that ‘form follows material’ (Ashby and Johnson 101). Though chairs must meet certain mechanical constraints these are not fixed thus allowing choice in material and form of the completed chair. That being said it is clear to see that the form desired will have some effect on the choice of material. In relation to form it is also essential to consider the organizational theme where possible. It is common for some organizations to use a theme in their premises to improve their competitive position. Such themes include sporting themes, outdoor themes that are designed to attract clientà ¨le (Stephenson and Thurman 119). In such cases it will be essential to consider selection of a material that can be customized to suit the existing theme. In relation to the form of material it is essential to consider several physical factors such as the size, shape and weight of the desired material (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 94). This is useful as the size is relative to the available space on the site. Thus an appropriate material will allow the company to provide an adequate number of seats within the required space. Further in relation to the shape is the complexity required to shape the material to the required dimensions. In addition to this consideration must be made to account for the mechanical factors in relation to the material in question. This should be done because different materials will reflect varied mechanical considerations. Some mechanical considerations worth mentioning at this point include strength, ductility, modulus, fatigue strength and creep (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 95). In addition to this it is also vital to consider environmental factors and their effect on these mechanical factors. One concerned with designing a pr oduct will typically consider the static strength needs of the product. In addition to this it is essential to know whether the product will experience a static or dynamic load and what are the parameters expected. It will also be important to consider the products ability to cope with wear and tear and if there is a need to incorporate additional material to reduce wear and tear (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 95). Other factors in relation to material selection include processing and fabricating factors. These influence the ability or responsiveness of the material with regard to forming a shape. This is most commonly achieved by casting and deformation procedures (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 95).Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on these factors it will be possible to assess whether the design can easily be achieved and manufactured. These factors will be useful in determination of potential production rates of the completed product. Through these factors it can be determined whether the desired quality level can be attained. Other essential factors include the life of components and availability. The components selected are likely to be affected by environmental factors such as corrosion and oxidation which need to be considered when selecting an appropriate material. It has been reported that performance of materials based on these properties is very difficult to predict thus it is important to make such consideration beforehand (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 95). Further, there is the question of availability of the preferred material. In some cases a material may be very well suited for a particular design but unavailable in the desired quantities. In such cases the selection of the material may have been done after identification of the first suitable material. This suggests that it is better to go through a whole range of materials while making a selection to allow for the identification of several options (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 96). Another consideration to make when selecting material for an office chair is the personality of the product. This is best described by the color, texture, feel and form of the end product (Ashby and Johnson 116). These aspects are useful in describing the perception that will be aroused on observing the product and can be seen in the use of terms such as ‘rugged’, ‘feminine’, etc. This aspect will be heavily influenced by the nature of business the organization is engaging on the premises. Types of Design In selecting material for a product it is also essential to consider the type of design in question. An original design is an approach that requires the creation of a working principle from scratc h (Ashby 115). In such cases it is common for the designer to be working with an entirely new concept such as the ball point pen, compact disk, etc. In such a case the designer has no choice but to make decisions based on tests carried out and individual design decisions (Ashby 2002, 15). In such cases the designer is free to experiment with new materials that can offer unique combination of properties that enhance the originality of the design. Another type of design the developmental or adaptive design that involves an existing concept and making some incremental improvements to the product. In the case where this is the approach used to design the chair in question it is possible to perform experiments with various existing materials. New materials may not necessarily be appropriate as the new product need not necessarily cost much more than its predecessor (Ashby 2002,16). In many cases this approach has been the force behind major improvements in product performance. Another ap proach to design that will affect the selection of material is the variant concept of design. In this case the objective of the design process would be to alter the colors, size or details of the product without making any significant changes to the function (Ashby 16). In some cases such as change of scale the designer may change the material due to changes in performance requirements. It has been noted in other variant design efforts that a change in material can provide significant improvements in performance. For example, in the use of fiber glass to design smaller boats (Ashby 2002, 16). Selection Procedures Having mentioned some of the important factors to consider in selecting an appropriate material to use the report will now briefly discuss procedures to use when making a selection. One approach is the use of screening to filter from a list of possible materials (Ashby 2009, 167). In this approach the constraints act as gates and if satisfied the material passes or else it is excluded. An example ,of a constraint is, ‘the chair must allow the user adjust height and inclinations’. Based on this therefore only materials that can be attached with components that handle such actions can be considered for the final product (Ashby 2009, 167). After completing the screening process what remains is a list of potentially useful materials. To achieve this you need to have an excellence criteria which can be used to rank the materials (Ashby 2009, 167). This can be based on what may be defined as objectives. Performance is sometimes limited by a single property or through a combination of properties. Based on this procedure the best candidate will be the material that satisfies the greatest number of objectives. Having established the best candidate it is also useful to provide some documentation on the material. This will include its potential weaknesses, reputation, track record, etc (Ashby 2009, 170). This documentation typically is in the form o f some graphical material and case studies on the material. In addition to this there may be some information on its corrosion behavior in specific environments. Other useful information to include will be the price and availability of the material and any environmental warnings in relations to its use. In the text above the methods of selection have focused on a manual approach to selecting the appropriate material to use. This approach to selection is useful when the constraints are not that many and thus the process is easily completed. However, when the set of constraints is long a more apt solution maybe the use of computer aided selection (Ashby 2009, 184). This software comes with a database of records arranged in a hierarchical manner. Every record in the database contains data relating to properties of the material, and some pictorial data and sources of reference for the material. Through this scheme the data is interrogated using a search engine that provides the user sys tematically arranged search interfaces. Other Considerations Though the report has already mentioned that cost is an important consideration in the selection of an appropriate material for an office chair, there are other cost related factors that may need to be kept in mind. For example the constraint the budget places on the entire process. Through the screening process it is possible several options may be identified. Despite of this it is necessary to keep in mind that the company has a budget for the entire activity and as such the best material may not be suitable for the budgetary requirements (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 96). In addition to this there are other hidden costs that need to be considered in addition to the cost of the material. As mentioned earlier in the report the selection of material must take into consideration the additional effort to produce the desired product from the material (Mital, Desai, Subramaniam and Mital 96). Such costs include discrete costs such as fabrication costs. These discrete costs are likely to make major adjustments in the final figures thus resulting in selection of an alternative material. An important consideration that has been ignored through the report but is essential nonetheless is the purpose of the product. In this case the product is an office chair but the purpose is not clearly defined. Where the chair is for the computer operator it can be expected that whereas quality is essential cost will be also very crucial in choosing the material. However, if the seat was to be designed for the CEO of a huge multi national cost may not be a factor and thus the aspect of prestige may be considered. In the design of such a chair quality will be given the highest priority in comparison to all other factors. Based on this approach cost becomes a less crucial factor and quality becomes the dominant requirement (Kutz 1253). Having provided some information on possible and useful considerations when selecti ng the materials to use in designing an office chair, the report will conclude the report. Conclusion In this report the discussion presented was focused on the considerations to make in selecting material for building an office chair. The report began by mentioning the importance of design and its role in the success of the end product. In this regard it was noted that a good design does not just consider the physical components but also the materials used in construction of the end product. In a similar fashion the report continues to provide a brief description on ergonomics and its role in the workplace. It is observed that through a well designed and efficient workplace the degree of injury and disease can be reduced significantly. Further it is noted that through appropriate ergonomic design the cost of potential litigation can be significantly reduced. Therefore it would appear that the time taken in selecting an appropriate material is useful as it can directly influence the productivity of the organization. The report continues to provide information that can assist in the selection of appropriate material to be used to accomplish the design process. Further the report provides some of the basic issues that arise in the case of office chairs as reported by the users. In line with this the report mentions the role of the selected material in the form of the final product. It is noted that based on a selection of material there specific constraints that the user is bound to based upon the chosen material. Because of this above position the report concludes that material has a strong influence on the form of the final product. It is also mentioned that the type of design in this case will also influence the material selection made. In addition to this the report also touches briefly on other considerations such as prestige. In line with this it was noted that costs such as those associated with crafting the material to the desired shape need to be consid ered so as not to over step the budget. Lastly it was noted that the budget will influence the choice of material in terms of expected quantity as well. It is hoped that by going through these requirements it is possible to make a suitable choice for the production of the office chair. Works Cited Ashby, M. F. Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. Print. Ashby, M. F. Materials and the environment: Eco-informed material choice. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009, Print. Ashby, Mike, and Kara Johnson. Materials and Design: the art and science of material selection in product design. Woburn: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. Print. Jacobs, Karen. Ergonomics for Therapists. Philadelphia: Mosby Inc, 2008. Print. Kutz, Myer. Handbook of Materials Selection. New York: John Wiley Sons Inc, 2002. Print. Mital, Anil, Anoop Desai, Anand Subramanian, and Aashi Mital. Product Development: a structured approach to customer product development,design a nd manufacture. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Print. Stephenson, James, and Courtney Thurman. Ultimate Small Business Marketing Guide. Dubuque: Entrepreneur Media Inc, 2007. Print. This assessment on Material Selection and Process: Office Chair was written and submitted by user Eli W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

era of 1936 essays

era of 1936 essays Today was such a great day. It was my mothers birthday and so many interesting things have happened in the newspaper. I really never read a newspaper, but for some reason I was hooked on it right when I bought it. Well to start out my great day, I got up early to bake a cake for my mother. I already had flour, yeast, vanilla, milk, and salt but I still needed eggs, sugar, and butter. Well I got on my shoes and walked down the block to the Food store to get the rest of the ingredients. I wanted to get the items fast so that I could go back home and make the cake to surprise my mom. I got butter which was 37 cents a pound, cane sugar for 49 cents a pound, large eggs for 25 cents a dozen, and a New York Times newspaper for 2 cents( New York Times 1936, page 1 ). I was surprised to see that all my items were on sale. I then went home and made the cake. While the cake was baking, I started to look at the newspaper. The first thing that caught my eye was on the front page. In big bold letters it said Roosevelt and the New Deal. This article caught my eye because I had no idea what the New Deal was. The article was about how Roosevelt made up the Works Progress Administration(Times 1 ) which gives unemployed people jobs. Well, the article went on about how it will provide eight million people with jobs(Times 2 ). I was so excited to hear about this because my father lost his job during the Great Depression. I hope this Works Progress Administration works so my dad can get back on his feet and work again. As I was thinking about the possibility of my dad getting a new job, an article about the Chicago Cubs caught my attention. Although the Cubs are my dads favorite team I am a Yankees fan. I mean, the Cubs are alright, but no one can stop Babe Ruth or any of the other Yankees. Anyway, the article was about how the Cubs beat the Cardinals 4-3 (Tim ...

Atmospheric pollution

Atmospheric pollution Executive Summary Harmful gases, liquids or solids may be present in the atmosphere causing air pollution. There are however different types of pollutants of air. This paper discusses atmospheric air pollution and the resultant ecological problem, factors that lead to or that are affected by air pollution, in this regard, living and non living factors, the subsequent human impacts, considering positive and negative impacts, the current approaches taken for sustainability purposes, how such strategies may be achieved or attained, and the role of the government, society and international bodies. Introduction Air pollution is the availability of harmful substances in the atmosphere in gaseous, liquid, or solid form. Air pollution can be caused by various pollutants including: Particulate matter: this consists of aerosols in liquids, solids or gases suspended in the atmosphere due to burning of coal in industrial processes. The presence of aerosols in the air hastens the corroding and erosion of metals and building materials respectively. Inhalation of air containing particulate matter can interfere with the respiratory system of humans. This can result in cancer, asthma, bronchitis or other diseases (EPA, 2008). Sulphur oxides: these usually arise from the burning of coal and fumes from industrial processes. Due to the acid nature of the oxides, materials, human respiratory system and the vegetation end up being damaged (EPA, 2008). Carbon monoxide: this is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas that humans have no protection against. Blood that is infiltrated with carbon monoxide carries less oxygen to other body parts. This can cause many health complications (EPA, 2008). Hydrocarbons: these are chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen as the only elements. Just like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons are also emitted by motor vehicles and emissions from industries. They result when there is partial burning of engine fuel. Under sunlight, hydro carbons form ground level ozone which is manifested in smog. Besides that, ground level ozone can irritate the eyes, damage the lungs, and cause multiple respiratory problems (EPA, 2008). Nitrogen oxides: this usually results from high temperature combustions in motor vehicles and power plants. These oxides contribute raise the acidity in the air raising precipitation and smog production. Nitrogen oxides are dangerous to humans because they cause serious illness and deaths even though the exposure to nitrogen oxides may be short (EPA, 2008). Carbon dioxide: this is a gas that is described as natural in the atmosphere. It is produced by burning substances. It is vital for living organisms. There are other air pollutants that include the following: radioactive pollutants, ammonia, chlorofluorocarbons, toxic metals (like lead, copper and cadmium) and radioactive elements. All these pose a danger to the human health (EPA, 2008). Problem Description The presence of any pollutants in the air causes air pollution. Thus, the presence of all contaminants and toxins in the atmosphere forms atmospheric pollution which is also an ecological problem. Living organisms and the entire ecosystem suffer from health and ecological problems caused by atmospheric pollution. An average person inhales 20,000 litres of air per day. By breathing, we risk taking in dangerous substances or chemicals found in the air. Air is found anywhere and everywhere. Therefore, air pollution can be found in both indoors and outdoors. Pollution of the air can cause many diseases that include; cancer, tuberculosis, emphysema, among many others. The depletion of the ozone layer causes global warming which in turn results into the melting of the icecaps in Polar Regions hence the rising of the sea levels. The air was fairly clean until the industrial revolution. With the industrial revolution, many substances stated being burnt increasing the number of pollutants in the air. The rate of air pollutio n has been on the increase since then to date resulting in the growth of the hole in ozone layer above the Antarctica. This explains why the world leaders from the G 20 are worried and calling for frequent meetings concerning the global warming (Kurylo, 2010).

International Business(Singapore) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business(Singapore) - Essay Example The country is also a regional hub for wealth management as it ensures that there is enough revenue for the purchase of raw material and natural resources which are not available in the country. In view of this, the case study analyses Singapore’s international trade, explain how globalisation has affected its economy and its culture and evaluates the factors that are affecting its international business through SWOT analysis. Since the 1960s, research has shown that Singapore has improved in its export and import sector of the economy. It has been ranked as the 15th largest importer and 14th largest exporter in the world. International trade has a great impact on Singapore’s economy. Singapore adoption of export-oriented industrialisation made it easy for the country to succeed in the international market. Additionally, they have few barriers to the importation and exportation of goods and services. That means that the country has few trade barriers. The country also trades with the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004, p. 93). There are zero tariff rates which apply to some of their products. Additionally, they have six lines for alcohol beverages making it one of the best exporters of alcohol beverage. However, there are different import restrictions because of environmental, health, and security concerns. It considers free trade as an important factor which facilitates the grow th of the nation. Primarily, the United States is one of the largest Singapore’s trading partners. United States influences Singapore’s international trade (Koh & Lin, 2004, p. 56). From the sale of the manufactured goods such as the computer peripherals and electronics, the country imports natural resources and agricultural products. Singapore has limited arable land, thus; it depends on the aggro-technology park. Additionally, the country relies on

Midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Midterm - Assignment Example Rene Descartes belief in this theory borrows heavily from epistemology and rationalism. Epistemology study’s scope of knowledge and nature. In line with the Descartes belief on existentialist, it is possible for him to doubt that he has two hands (Fairfield 211). In addition, that he is sitting on a chair reading words printed on paper and summation of two and three to make five. Firstly, there is no possible way to ascertain numbers either two hands or summation because there is no reason given why the hands cannot be four or three or summation cannot be seen. In other words, these are facts whose truth and falsehood cannot go beyond mere conviction. Besides, Descartes reasoning is based on the rejection of Universalism of facts and figures. In order to have the truth, there should be a way of testing the perceived truth. In relation to reading printed words in a paper, his school of thought on universal belief falsifiers, he is convinced that a chair, paper and body posture is Universalism. He says it holds no truth, nor false, he believe that individual opinion as he perceives and disagree with universal knowledge. There is no observation without involving mental processes. It is, therefore, substantially true that the objects we perceive with our eyes are the actual reflection of the mind processes. In other words, the inward perception of on how we see people, objects or what we feel about circumstances will determine our actions or inaction. Evidently, the mind frame the situation and external body execute a course of action based on the interpretation of the inner self. With this explanation, the theory holds truth in relating experiences to mind (Campbell 68). The empirical explanation in this case is that, the objects as they appear are neither material nor material. In addition, fear, sadness and physical description of an object or a person

Aspects of contract and business law Essay Example for Free

Aspects of contract and business law Essay Identify the legal criteria for offer and acceptance in a valid contract A contract is defined as a legally binding agreement and are very important in business. This is because: * it is risky to enter into a business arrangement without some form of contract * this is because, in the event of something not going as planned, a business contract is your safety net * without a business contract that stipulates the procedures, policies and expectations of the concerned parties, it is also likely that a dispute will arise in the course of the transactions * a broken contract can result in a law suit or an out of court settlement and the payment of damages caused by the breech of contract There are many different types of contracts. The main elements needed for a standard contract are: Offer Acceptance Capacity Consideration Offer And Acceptance Offer An offer is a definite promise made by an offeror to an offeree about the agreement made. They make this promise with the intention that it shall become binding or legally enforceable as soon as it accepted by the person receiving the offer (the offeree). Acceptance A valid offer must be accepted by the offeree to the contract. In normal circumstances, acceptance of the offer must be communicated to the person making the offer, (the offeror). Acceptance of an offer must be in the form specified in the offer. This can be both written or oral. An example of an offer and acceptance would be: A vending machine. The machine is offering you the items and you are choosing whether to accept the offer by putting your money into the machine to purchase the item. A person going into a shop to purchase an item, they would pick up the item and take it to the till to pay. When the customer, the offeror, hands the shop keeper the money they are making an offer, as soon as the shop keeper, the offeree, accepts the money they are showing acceptance. Sometimes the situation can just be as simple as this and no words have to be spoken. Invitation to treat There is a big difference between an offer and acceptance and an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is an indication that a person is prepared to receive offers from another person. In this sense, treat means to trade or to do business. The person who is available to receive an invitation to treat can accept or reject the offer until the final moment of acceptance. An example of invitation to treat would be: Goods displayed, with a price ticket attached, in a shop window or supermarket; the customer can make an offer to buy the product, this can then be accepted or rejected by the seller up to the point of sale. Products advertised in catalog, brochures, Internet etc, even if the word offer is used by sellers to promote their goods. An offer must be distinguished from an invitation to treat. Carlill vs carbolic smoke ball company (1892) The carbolic smoke company placed an advertisement in newspaper to tell people of their new flu remedy. The advertisement stated that it would pay  £100 to anyone who took the remedy for 14 days but still got the flu. Mrs carlill used the remedy but unfortunately still got the flu, and made a claim against the company for the money. But the smoke ball company refused to pay the money. The company tried to claim that the advertisement was an attempt to make an offer to the whole world which meant communication of it was impossible. Normally an advertisement in the newspaper or on television etc, would be an invitation to treat, but in this case as the company had actually gone out of their way to put money into the bank they lost the argument, and it made it an offer and acceptance. The company had made an offer to the whole world and mrs carlill choose to accept their offer meaning they had to pay her as a contract had been made. Counter offers Counters offers are offers that are made and then gone back on and adjusted. As soon as a counter offer is made it voids the original contract. For example, if I want to buy a car and the offeror offers it to me for  £5000 and I choose not to accept as it is too high, but then to counter offer by offering them a lower price for it and then the original offeror chooses not to accept my offer, and I then say okay I will pay  £5000 and then they say no sorry, you can have it for  £5500. This is a counter offer, as I rejected the original offer and then by counter offering I made the original offer void, and then they can make a new offer. Task two (p2) Explain the law in relation to the formation of a contract in a given situation A contract comes in to existence when the offer that has been made by the offeror is accepted by the offeree. Contracts can be written or verbal/oral. A verbal contract is when two parties agree through the spoken word and therefore bound by a verbal agreement. This is often done between friends or business people that know each other well enough to agree to be bound legally on a spoken word or a hand shake. An example of this could be, I will wash your car for ten pounds, okay thank you very much. Written contracts are much more common in the work place. It is much easier and simpler for people to be bound by the terms of a written contract, where the details of the contract are included in a document signed by each party, (the offeree and the offeror). These can range from relatively simple agreements to much more formal contracts signed by the parties. Some examples of these could be, the sale of land, regulated credit and hi agreements and employment. Sometimes, a written contract can be much more beneficial and could be a lot safer to use, some examples why are: * A well written, clear, concise contract can avoid customer disputes and complaints. The contract should make clear both parties rights and regulations and obligations. * The subject matter can be easier to understand in a written contract. * Written contracts can specify delivery times, deadlines etc. * It is easier to put down the payments terms in a written document. * A written contract can provide alternative methods for the settlement of certain disputes. Also there is standard form contracts. Consideration Under contract law, the agreement between the parties will not in itself create a legally binding contract. There must be some degree of consideration between the parties for a valid contract to take place. Consideration is what one party to a contract will get from the other party in return for performing contract obligations. A contract is based on the exchange of promises. Each party to a contract must be both a promisor and a promisee. They must each receive a benefit and each suffer a detriment. This benefit or detriment is referred to as consideration. Consideration must be something of value in the eyes of the law. This excludes promises of love and affection, gaming and betting etc. A one sided promise which is not supported by consideration is a gift. The law does not enforce gifts unless they are made by deed. An example of this would be, An event organiser promises to pay a band  £1000 if they sing at an event. The consideration for the event organisers promise would be to pay band if they promise to play at an event. The consideration for the bands promise to play at the event is the event organiser to pay the band  £1000. Consideration can take two forms: * executed consideration an act in exchange for a promise, such as a reward case where the person making the offer promises to pay the reward upon the act of the act being completed. * executory consideration the parties exchange promises to perform acts in the future, most contracts begin this way. For example, a seller promises to deliver to a buyer as a result of the buyers promise to buy at the agreed price. Consideration from the buyer is the promise to pay the price on completion. There are 5 rules of consideration, which are, 1) consideration must not be past 2) consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate there is no requirement that the consideration must be market value, providing some of value is given eg  £1 given in exchange for a house would be valid, the courts are not concerned with whether the parties have made a good or bad bargain 3) consideration must move from the promise if a person other than the promisee is to provide the consideration, the promisee can not enforce the agreement Tweed one v Atkinson (1861) A couple were getting married and the father of the bride entered into an agreement with the father of the groom saying that they would each pay the couple a sum of money. Unfortunately both the father of the bride and the father of the groom died without paying any money. The groom then made a claim against the executor of the will. The claim failed as the groom was not party to the agreement and the consideration did not move from him. Therefore he was not entailed to enforce the contract. 4) an existing publics duty will not amount to a valid consideration where a party has a public duty to act, this can not be used as consideration for a new promise 5) an existing contractual duty will not amount to valid consideration if a party has an existing contractual duty to do an act, this act can not be used as consideration for a new promise Capacity Capacity is the legal power to enter into a contract. Who does not have the legal capacity? * minors do have limited capacity * bankrupts * incapacitated persons do have limited capacity For example, minors. Legal rules have been developed to protect minors from contractual liability and to allow them to also enter into agreements in limited circumstances. There are two types of contract that bind minor when dealing with adults, supply of necessary goods employment Also incapacitated persons are unable to enter into a contract. People suffering from a medically diagnosed mental health condition cannot enter into a valid contact as it is believed they do not have sufficient mental capacity to understand what it is they are doing. Also if the person is intoxicated and able to prove they were at the time the contract came into place they are seen as an incapacitated person and are unable to legally enter into a contract. Privity of a contract The doctrine of private means that a contract cannot confer rights or impose obligations arising under it on any person except the parties to it. Under common law only a promisee may enforce the promise meaning that if the third party is not a promisee they are not a privy to that certain contract. It is a legal concept denying third parties the right to sue on a contract. Price v Easton (1833) This case involved a three way argument. Basically Easton agreed with X that he would pay Price for the work that X had done. They completed the work and Easton refused to pay Price the money, Price tried to sue Easton but he failed. This was due to private of a contract. The contract was made between Easton and X therefore Price was not a privy to the contract. Task Three (p3) Describe the law with respect to misrepresentation in a given situation. Misrepresentation is a false statement of fact made by one party to other party before the contract is made with a view to inducing the other to enter it. For example, one carful owner this statement is very misleading as you would expect that only one person has owner the product before and has been very careful with it, but this statement really could mean, it may have only had one careful owner but had ten bad owners. This statement is not lying it is just stating a fact and leaving out important detail therefore this is an example of misrepresentation. Once it has been established that a false statement has been made and that it induced the contract, it is necessary to determine the type of misrepresentation in order to determine the available remedy. There are different types of misrepresentation. For example, Fraudulent A person will be liable for fraud if they make a statement which they know to be false or they have no belief in its truth or they are reckless or careless whether it is true or false. For example, Lapland new forest produced a website showing fantastic winter scenes. Unfortunately, the photos on the website were not taken at the park and customers were hugely disappointed when they arrived at the resort to find it is not at all like the website, many demanded their money back. In 2009 the owners of the park appeared in court and were charged with fraudulent misrepresentation. Innocent a false statement made by a person who had reasonable grounds to believe that it was true, not only when the contract was made but also when the contact was entered into. Negligent A person can be liable when they make a false statement and have no reasonable ground for believing the statement to be true. In the situation given I believe that it is negligent misrepresentation as Esso had no reason to believe that the statement given by their experienced representative was true at the time or the time the contract was entered into. I think the representative gave a false statement to get Martin to enter into the contract. I think Esso were inducing Martin into entering the contact, although, Martin would have expected the statement to be correct as it was an experienced representative for Esso who gave the statement he would have thought that they would be a reliable source so he probably did not do any checks on the land and just thought their word for it. Task Four (m1) Analyse the impact of the requirements for a valid contract in a given situation. 1) Mr Baron You have not entered into a valid contract as Mrs Anderson did not accept your offer. She informed you that she intends to sell her car at a certain price and you said you would like to buy it. There is o evidence that offer and acceptance has taken place here therefore no contact was made. 2) Mr Cunningham Although the seller offered you the product at  £900 as soon as you offered him  £800 the contract was broken. This is because of counter offer taking place. Even though you were prepared to pay the full price in the end, you had broken the contract by counter offering him therefore it is his choice whether to sell the product or not and whether to enter into another contract with you. 10) Mrs Lawrence (I wasnt sure if the garage checks/services the car before they sell it on so I did two explanations) This is a case of fraudulent misrepresentation. Before the car was sold to you, the car sales showroom should have checked the car to make sure everything they were stating about the car was correct. Therefore they should have known that the mileage was significantly higher when you purchased it. This is a case of innocent misrepresentation. At the time when the car sales showroom sold the car to you they did not know that the mileage was significantly higher therefore it can not be seen as their fault as they were lead to believe that the statement they were giving was true.

Essay --

Introduction It all starts when I was watching the ad on TV for the car I always dreamed of, a BMW 528 x drive. The offer was so attractive given that the monthly payments shown were actually within my budget. Though the ad mentioned leasing not selling, therefor I need to know: what is car leasing? How the process works? How it is different than buying? Should I lease or buy my next car? How should I prepare for the lease? What is the deal I am looking for? How to negotiate a good deal? What are the after deal obligations? What are my lease end term options? And what happen if I decided to end the contract before the end of the lease term? As in any other negotiation, I should take enough time to prepare properly before making any decisions that I might regret in the future. What is car leasing? Leasing is paying for the use of a car over a specified period of time, in other words it is a term of financing a car. In leasing a car, it is important to note that the total price of the car is important (even if I am only responsible for part of it) and it can be negotiated with the dealership; the owner of the car is the leasing company not the dealership, the dealership acts as an agent for the leasing company and when the deal is generated I will be dealing directly with the leasing company; I agree to make regular monthly payments for the specified period, maintain the car, pay the car insurance, local taxes and tags fees, and I am expected to stick with the mileage indicated to the end of the lease term. I will be hold accountable for any damages or extra mileage above the specified limits. Also, in a lease the monthly payments are upfront, not like when you buy the car where you pay at the end of the month. This means that i... ...the above and make sure that I will be having a good deal. I will be reminded a month a head of the lease term on the date of returning the car and if I am exploring other options I need to decide within that period. It is not a coincidence to note that â€Å"forced arbitration clauses are included in nearly all car sale contracts and leases. Franchise laws in all 50 states give automobile dealers a special monopoly over new car sales, allowing them power to decide what they want to include in their sale/lease contracts. Consequently, consumers purchasing or leasing a new vehicle are a captive audience with no choice but to enter into the sales/lease contract put before them parties when they cannot be resolved on their own to Arbitration†.( retrieved from http://www.fairarbitrationnow.org) (Please see exhibit 3: Sample of Vehicle Purchase/Finance Arbitration Agreement)

Law abiding citizen movie review Essay

Law Abiding Citizen is a 2009 action film. It’s main characters are portrayed by 2 of today’s most prominent stars Gerard Butler and Jamie Foxx . Set in 1999 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, this movie tells the story of an honest working father and husband turned killer in search for revenge when his life is suddenly and drastically changed overnight. This was an excellent film, in my opinion. The movie had much to say about real-life legal issues. It opens the eyes of many to our not so justice justice system. It shed some light on situations that happen in America quite often; the bad guy is let off too easy. Clyde Shelton, played by Gerard Butler, is an upstanding husband and father whose wife and daughter were brutally raped and murdered in front of him during a break in. When the suspects were caught, well known district attorney Nick Rice, portrayed by Jamie Foxx, was assigned to the case. Due to a flaw in the system, Nick is forced to offer one of the suspects a m uch lighter sentence in exchange for testifying against his accomplice. Ten years after this the suspect who was let off easy is found dead and Clyde Shelton coolly and calmly admits his guilt. He then Sent out a warning to Nick saying either Nick fixes the flawed justice system that failed him and his family, or every single key players in the trial would die. Clyde, the once family man, had turned into a brilliant sociopath. Once behind bars he wasted no time following up on his threats. He began orchestrating a number of diabolical and well thought out murders that law enforcement could not predict nor prevent from occurring, all from behind the walls of a jail cell. The only person that can stop Clyde’s string of killings is Nick Rice and in order to do so he must outsmart this brilliant sociopath. As his methods are uncovered it become apparent that Clyde is a very clever man with remarkable resources. The tables turn when Clyde gain access and threats to kill Nick’s family. He then finds himself in a desperate race against time to stop this once upstanding citizen. The acting is this movie was flawless. But nothing less would be expected from the big stars featured in the film. The casting director was a genius. The actors in this film brought the story to life and made it believable. It was incredibly suspenseful and ke pt me on my toes. Gerard Butler did an amazing job at getting viewers to sympathize for the sociopathic character he portrayed. Its not easy getting people to like the bad guy. Even the supporting roles were played by some of the great actors of today like  Regina Hall and Viola Davis. The music in the film serves several purposes that are both important on the emotional side of the movie and also enhances the storyline.The music in a film is used to represent the emotion of the scenes. The background music was one of the major components to this movie’s suspense. The right music was played at the right time. An example of this would be Engine No. 9†³ by Deftones which was played on Clyde’s iPod while he is eating his steak in his cell. This movie brought another element to the movie. It changed the mood of the scene to match what was going on at the time in the film. Even the orchestrated music in the background of the scenes intensifies the suspense of the scenes. Overall the film was well worth my time. It was full of action and suspense. The quality of the film, to me, was superb. Everything from the acting, set, music, to the script, and the costumes were spot on. This movie opened my eyes to some of the things our justice system needs to greatly improve on. I enjoyed the well thought out storyline and how everything unfolded. It kept my attention and kept me eager to see what would happen next. As crazy as it is to think, situations where murders and rapers get light sentences and minor time for crimes bearing life sentences happen more frequently in our country than we may believe. It just goes to show that there are flaws in the system that can potentially do more harm than help. I would recommend this movie for other potential viewers. It is a nail-biting thriller that everyone just see at least once.

Global Prevalence Of Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay

High blood pressure is a major contributing factor for cardiovascular disease. WHO report ( 2002 ) showed that India may be the largest cardiovascular disease load in the universe by the twelvemonth 2020. WHO report in India 2005 stated that prevalence of high blood pressure was increased by approximately 30 times among urban community people and by approximately 10 times among the rural community people. Many causes might hold contributed to this lifting tendency such as lifestyle alteration, alteration in diet and stress, increased population and unemployment have been implicated. High blood pressure is a â€Å" ignored disease, † harmonizing to a study released by the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) . Despite high blood force per unit area being the cause of decease in one of six grownups and the greatest individual hazard factor for decease from cardiovascular disease, 1000000s of people are developing, populating with, and deceasing from high blood pressure. The decennary from 1995 to 2005 saw a 25 % addition in the decease rate from high blood force per unit area, the study notes. The Institute of Medicine study besides highlighted the fiscal barriers to take downing blood force per unit area. Surveies have shown that the cost of medicines to patients is significantly related to patient attachment ; this is particularly apparent in patients with low income, chronic unwellness, and multiple prescriptions. Kalavathy et al. , ( 2000 ) High blood pressure is one of the major community wellness job in India. This one found from several Indian urban and rural studies. More surveies shows a prevalence rate of high blood pressure among urban population runing from 1 % in 1949 to 36 % in 2003 and for rural people from 1.97 % in 1958 to 20.2 % in 1994. Determining the degree of high blood pressure and besides differing age groups representing the survey population so the rates are different. Developed states with a more aging group will be expected to hold a higher prevalence of high blood pressure than a underdeveloped state with a younger group such as India, but some surveies, which have documented a high prevalence rate of high blood pressure in developing states. Few late conducted studies from Western India shows high prevalence of systolic high blood pressure at old age groups ( bulk in age group of 70 old ages ) , among Kerallite 51.8 % from South India and Assamese 63.63 % .Every twelvemonth about 5.3 hundred thousand Indians dice of high blood pressure related coronary disease. It has been found from in a survey Northen india that the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 3.98 % in 1963 to 26.78 % in 2000 among work forces while the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 6.67 % to 27.65 % among adult females. Systolic high blood pressure has been considered to be one of the most of import causes of morbidity and mortality taking to major diseases like shot, cardiovascular and nephritic diseases. Urban survey in India had shown a more per centum of population in the pre high blood pressure phase. Excess competition in academic field is one of the emphasis for the younger people in India and besides unemployment. Number of surveies have already explained that the relationship between Blood force per unit area and hazard of bosom diseases. Pre hypertensives have more opportunity to travel into phases of high blood pressure. Hence it is besides possible that the immature stressed people with prehypertensives degree of blood force per unit areas may be at hazard factor to develop bosom diseases. This survey accent on two demands such as sleep and command blood force per unit area. Adequate slumber is indispensable demands for human existences.The human being needs remainder & A ; slumber to conserve energy and good being, prevent weariness, supply organ to reprieve and alleviate tenseness. Sleep want consequence in a lessening in organic structure temperature, a lessening in immune system map. If sleep continues over a longer clip it increases the hazard of more serious wellness jobs such as weakened immune system, diabetes mellitus, depression, high blood force per unit area and fleshiness. There are place remedial steps to better slumber such as utilizing comfort devices, devouring warm milk, reading narrative book and by supplying good airing.Non pharmacological intercessions to take down blood force per unit areaThere is turning grounds that non pharmacological intercessions lower high blood force per unit area. These intercessions are non dearly-won and are by and large good in advancing good wellness. They besides help in cut downing the cardiovascular hazard factors with a small cost. ( Joyce M. Black ) Indian Medical Association 2001 study â€Å" In pull offing high blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs have of import function, but focal point may be directed towards some lifestyle alterations † . Dietary alteration, physical activities may act upon the minimize of Blood force per unit area. Body weight decrease, less alcohol consumption, limitation of salt and besides K, Ca supplementation can better the procedure of take downing Blood force per unit area. Fiber rich diet either and low Na could cut down the Blood force per unit area by about 5 millimeters Hg among high blood pressure clients. Other than this, behavioural alterations like halt smoke, regular exercisings, relaxation therapies like yoga, etc, have good consequence on high blood pressure clients. The consequence of lifestyle alterations may forestall a demand of drug direction for high blood pressure. For this all hypertensive clients should be tried ab initio one or more of the lifestyle alterations. Gupta 1997 recommends progressive relaxation, deep external respiration exercising and yoga may assist to cut down the blood force per unit area. TK Luqman -Arafath study 2002 shows that the mortality rate from both Ishemic bosom disease and stroke doubles while every 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic rise in Blood force per unit area. In fact, even minimal decrease in Blood force per unit area among the general population could decidedly cut down cardiovascular events. For illustration, a 3 mmHg decrease in systolic Blood force per unit area would take to an 8 % decrease in stroke mortality rate and a 5 % decrease in mortality rate due to coronary arteria disease. There has been increasing of import gives to the preventative steps like regular exercisings, express joying combined with speculation, less ingestion of intoxicant, cut down the consumption of Na and the Dietary alterations to take down the Hypertension rate. Many literatures reveal that laughter therapy helps in cut downing the blood force per unit area. Laughter promises a utile attack to intervention of high blood pressure. Systematic instruction of laughter therapy exert a positive influence on a client with hypertensive reduces blood force per unit area.The Benefits of laughter therapyLaughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising.The laughter therapy has three types, in the first type, one laughs freely and aloud with unfastened oral cavity, in the 2nd type, one laughs without any sound with closed oral cavity and in the 3rd type, one pours out loud effusions of laughter through the pharynx like neighing of Equus caballus. A figure of research surveies reveals that laughter has many wellness benefits. During the thirteenth century Surgeons used wit to deflect patients from hurting entirely. Later, in the twentieth century, came the scientific survey of the consequence of laughter on overall wellness. Harmonizing to Kay Herth ( 1984 ) laughter as a emphasis fellow. Laughter has a built in equilibrating mechanism that encourages two measure action of stimulation and relaxation due to let go of of chemicals adrenaline and nor epinephrine. This reduces anxiousness, tenseness and depression. Therefore, it helps in extenuating several serious diseases such as high blood pressure, bosom disease, diabetes, anxiousness, insomnia etc. Fry states that laughter is a good aerobic exercising. He says that 100 laugh a twenty-four hours is equal to 10 proceedingss rowing or jogging. Berk, Tan, Fry et Al ( 1997 ) reported drawn-out emphasis creates unhealthy physiological alterations and Stress causes the adrenal secretory organs to let go of corticoids and emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. In a survey at Canada ‘s University of Waterloo documented that laughter additions degree of immunoglobulin IgG and IgM and concludes that laughter consequences in improved unsusceptibility. Cognetal ( diary of behavior medical specialty ( 1997 ) has reported the ability of laughter to let go of musculus tenseness and helps to let go of neuropeptides which are organic structure ‘s natural hurting stamp downing agents. Therefore, laughter has multi drawn-out attack for the alleviation of hurting, in painful conditions such as arthritis, spondylitis, etc. Lloyd ( 1990 ) showed that laughter is a combination of deep inspiration and full halitus animating first-class airing and fantastic remainder.Thus laughter additions lung capacity and oxygenation.This would profit patients with lung diseases such as bronchitis, bronchial asthma. The findings of Dr.Lee Berk and Dr.Stanle ( 1999 ) during their more than 10 old ages research on laughter addition the figure of ‘activated ‘ T cells and increases the degrees of gamma interferon, a lymphokine that activates many immune constituents.Need FOR THE STUDYCoronary events such as a â€Å" bosom onslaught † are still the most common consequence of high blood pressure. Increased blood force per unit area is related to increased badness of coronary artery disease, shot, neuropathy, peripheral vascular diseases, aortal aneurism, and bosom failure. About all people with bosom failure have antecedent high blood pressure. If high blood pressure is left untreated, about half of hypertensive clients will decease of bosom disease, a 3rd will decease of shot, and the staying 10 % to 15 % will decease of a nephritic failure. High blood pressure is besides a â€Å" soundless factor † in the etiology of many deceases attributed to stroke or bosom onslaughts. These upseting tendencies indicate the demand for renewed energy in the conflict against high blood pressure. Hypertension related morbidity and mortality will non diminish until suppliers appreciate the demand for alterations in bing intervention protocols.Now chiefly bar focused and strongly urge usage of non pharmaceutical steps to forestall and handle high blood pressure. ( Joyce m.black, 2001 ) Harmonizing to Indian Express Bureau ( 2004 ) one in every 10 Indian suffer from high blood force per unit area.Now a yearss antihypertensive drugs are available to command blood force per unit area.These drugs have their ain side effects and are expensive. Non conformity to medicine is really common among hypertensive patients due to assorted grounds. Antihypertensive medicines entirely can non command blood force per unit area, physiological relaxation is really of import for keeping blood force per unit area. The research worker observed that most of the hypertensive patients had unequal cognition about significance, hazard factors, marks and symptoms sing high blood pressure and its related complications. The hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising, emphasis cut downing activities like yoga and turning away of diet which contains more cholesterin. These patterns are non adopted by bulk of the patients largely because of unknowingness and deficiency of accent by the wellness suppliers. Sushil Bhatia, the editor of Lorvani ( 2004 ) , province that express joying combined with speculation, harmonises all our sense organs in a minute of entire concentration and brings equilibrium to mind, organic structure and external respiration which are like three bases of a rope. Peoples utilizing this therapy experience dramatic alleviation from upsets such as depression, migrane and high blood pressure. American Journal of Medical Science reported that emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. The research worker during her clinical exposure in the community has observed that many older people are enduring from high blood pressure. Some hypertensive people are taking medicines, some are non taking medicine on a regular basis. Those hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising and speculation. Based on the information showed on prevalence of high blood pressure, research worker recognized the demand for learning laughter therapy to the hypertensive people in this selected rural community. Therefore this survey was undertaken to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA survey to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure in a selected rural community at Coimbatore.AIM OF THE STUDYThe chief purpose of the survey is to find whether laughter therapy mak es a important difference in blood force per unit area and slumber among hypertensive patients in comparing with the non receiving systems of laughter therapy.Specific OBJECTIVESThe specific aims of the survey are 1. To find the degree of blood force per unit area in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 2. To find quality of slumber reported by the sample in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 3. To find the association of blood force per unit area and slumber with demographic variables such as business, exercising and diet.HypothesisH1: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area before and after intercession in experimental group. H2: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area of the experimental and control group after intercession. H3: There will be important difference in average mark of slumber before and after intercession in experimental group. H4: There will be important difference in average sleep mark of the experimental and control group after intercession.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION1. Blood force per unit areaIt refers to the force per unit area of the blood within the arterias of the organic structure.When the ventricle of bosom contracts, blood is forced out into the aorta and travels through the largest arterias to the smallest arterias, arteriolas and capillaries. The pulsing extends from the bosom through the arterias and disappears in the arteriolas. The pulsing is measured by utilizing a sphygmomanometer and is expressed in millimeter of Hg.a ) Systolic blood force per unit areaIt is the maximal grade of force per unit area exerted by the blood against the wall of the blood vass during the ventricular contraction when the left ventricle is coercing the blood into the aorta. The first sound is called systolic blood force per unit area.B ) Diastolic blood force per unit areaThis is the lowest force per unit area that o ccurs when the bosom is in the resting period merely before the contraction of the left ventricle. The 2nd sound is called diastolic blood force per unit area.2. High blood pressureIt is defined as relentless lift of the systolic blood force per unit area and diastolic blood force per unit area from the normal degree. Normal blood force per unit area: 120/80 millimeter of Hg.3 STAGES OF HYPERTENSIONSystolic blood force per unit area Diastolic blood force per unit area Level of blood120 – 139mm of Hg. 80 – 89 millimeter of Hg pre high blood pressure 140 – 159 millimeter of Hg 90 – 99 millimeter of Hg phase I hypertension & gt ; 160 millimeter of Hg & gt ; 100 millimeter of Hg phase II high blood pressure3. SleepSleep is a province of remainder in which the nervous system is inactive, the eyes are closed, the musculuss are relaxed and the head is unconscious. The features of slumber can be verbalized by the individual who experiences the slumber. In this survey the self study of slumber is measured on a sleep graduated table.4. LAUGHTER THERAPYThe laughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising which control blood force per unit area by cut downing the release of emphasis related endocrines and brings about relaxation.Premise1. High blood pressure is more common among grownups than adolescent age group. 2. Blood force per unit area can be kept in control by medicine and lifestyle alteration. 3. Laughter could give alleviation from physical or mental emphasiss.Boundary line1. The survey is limited to one community. 2. The survey is delimited to patients within the age group of 40 to 60 old ages.Scope OF THE STUDYThe degrees of blood force per unit area and slumber are measured in hypertensive patients before and after intervention.If there is a important decrease in the blood force per unit area and positive result in the features of slumber of experimental group of sample, it is a clear effectivity of laughter therapy. Teaching laughter therapy is simple and it can be practiced easy. If the topics are able to execute this therapy without any trouble, this intercession is acceptable, it is clear indicant of the public-service corporation value of laughter therapy for hypertensive patients.The findings will be good to wellness patterns to actuate hypertensive patients and patients on antihypertensive drugs to command and keep their blood force per unit area at normal degree.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKA conceptual theoretical account can be defined as a set of constructs and those premises that integrat e them into a meaningful constellation ( Fewett,1980 ) . The development of a construct was theoretical account is a cardinal procedure required before carry oning existent research.The model influences each province of research procedure. The conceptual model in nursing research can assist to supply a clear concise thought of cognition in the country. Conceptual frame work for this survey was a nursing procedure theoretical account based on Dorothy.E.Johnson ‘s behavioral system theory ( 1980 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson, nursing positions the person as a set of interrelated or mutualist parts working as an incorporate whole. Johnson identified seven subsystems. The subsystems are affliative, aggressive, dependence, eliminative, ingestive, renewing, and sexual. These subsystems carry out particular map for the system as a whole. Disturbance in any of the system normally affects the other. The stairss of the nursing procedure are incorporated with the Dorothy E. Johnson ‘s theoretical account. Nursing procedure is a deliberate activity where the pattern of nursing is performed in a systematic order. Johnson presents a three measure nursing procedure, the stairss are entitled nursing diagnosing which parallel the appraisal and diagnosing stage, the 2nd measure nursing end peers to the execution and 3rd measure is rating. This survey focused on kids and the dependence system which is one among the subsystems which result in blessing, attending, acknowledgment, and physical a id.AppraisalAppraisal is the procedure of roll uping informations sing each subsystem. Data on demographic profile ( age, instruction, business, income, nutrient and exercising wonts, history of antihypertensive medicines ) was collected.DiagnosisThrough appraisal from the subsystem jobs are identified and diagnosing is made and it provides footing for nursing intercession. In this survey the informations collected through observation of blood force per unit area and utilizing interview agenda. The diagnosing is made and categorized into prehypertension, phase I hypertension and stage II high blood pressure.Nursing endsAfter diagnosing is made the end is to keep or reconstruct the individual ‘s behaviour system balance, and stableness through planning intercessions. In this survey the end is to cut down blood force per unit area and to advance slumber.InterventionNursing activity is an external regulative force assists the individual to recover equilibrium. In this survey the nursing activity is to learn the laughter therapy techniques to the experimental group for a period of clip to convey alteration in the blood force per unit area and slumber.EvaluationEvaluation refers to look intoing the subsystem identified as debatable for balance and overall system stableness. In this survey the research worker compared the experimental group with the control group by utilizing the observation of blood force per unit area and self report quality of slumber given by sample. Figure -1 Highlights the conceptual model on modified nursing procedure based on Dorothy E. Johnson Behavioural System Model. Bellert, ( 1989 ) . Wit: A Curative Approach in Oncology Nursing. † Cancer Nursing,65-70. Brooks et.al. ( 1999 ) . Curative Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 151-160. Buckwalter et.al. ( 1995 ) . The Humor and Individuality of Persons with high blood pressure. Journal of Gerontology Nursing,11-16. Erdman and Lynn. ( 1993 ) . Laughter Therapy for Patients with Cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 55-67. Ferguson, Stephanie, et. Al. ( 1989 ) . Wit in Nursing. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 29-34. Galloway. ( 1999 ) . Benefits of Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 301-314. Mallett and Jane. ( 1993 ) . Use of Humor and Laughter in Patient Care. † British Journal of Nursing,172-175. Matz and A. Brown ( 1998 ) , â€Å" Humor and Pain Management. † Journal of Holistic Nursing. : 68-75.ONLINE REFERENCEEnda junkins ( 2007 ) .The power of laughter retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //laughter therapy.webs.com. Gita Suraj Narayan ( 2009 ) .Laughter is a powerful signifier of complementary Medicinretrievedfrom hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146449.php Gasto, R.Lack of slumber linked to increased hazard of high blood pressure.Archives of geriatrics and geriatrics:30 ( 1 ) :7-15.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com. John, tungsten ( 2004 ) .Non-pharmacological intercession of high blood pressure retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.science direct.com/science. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) .Laughter therapy retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //copperwiki.org. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) Laughter Cuts Health Costs retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.averagemiracles.org.

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essays

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essays the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay At three in the morning on December 7, 1948, after two months of over 80 meetings, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was created. The final obstacle for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approval from the United Nation General assembly. In order for the document to be approved it required two-thirds of the vote. On December 10, 1948, the document was adopted. l The United Nation has not been successful at enforcing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights because the underlying values in the document are not actually universal. Different states have different values about human rights. Even though some states signed the document, they did only to appear humane to others and hidden Human right violations continue. In the aftermath of World War II, the United Nations created UDHR for the purpose of preventing the next generation from devastation of international conflict, such as World War II. The last good war was an unprecedented global devastation. The levels of severity of the crimes of Adolf Hitler and his military could not have been predicted by Europe. Before the outbreak of World War II in March 1938, Austria was annexed under Hitler, which led international crises of human rights abuse. 2 Patrakis 2 When Hitlers military invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, this invasion would ignite the largest crimes against humanity the global community ever experienced. Once Hitler invaded Poland, war was declared by France, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand on Germany. This began the outbreak of World War 11. 3 Throughout World War II, Hitler launched attacks on the following countries: Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Yugoslavia, and Greece. The impact Hitler and his military had on the occupied countries and the global community was a horror that not been experienced until Hitler become Germanys chancellor. The lasting effect of World War II was the Holocaust where six million Jews were murdered by Nazi Germany. 5 The manner that was conducted to murder the Jews and other racial, ethic, and disabled populations would involve a variety of methods. 6 The gas chamber would involve weak inmates who were unable to work in the labor camps. 7 There were cases of gas vans and mass shootings. 8 Around 5,000 children of various ages were included in the mass murders. The methods used to murdered children were starvation and overdoses of medicines. 9 The victims of the Holocaust were from thousands of locations in Europe. Winston explains, Second World War is the greatest crime in recorded history, committed on human and geographical scale which far Patrakis 3 surpasses that of other acts of genocide. 10 During the Second World War, Human rights did not exist in terms of international laws. As a result of the mass murders of innocent women, children, and men this was an indication to the world leaders to process of drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the idea of universalism of rights which would be applied to different types of people. McGuinness explain, social and cultural contexts against pragmatic and realist ccount of resolving armed conflicts. 11 The drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a difficult process. 12 The process of the declaration would begin once the United Nations was established in 1945. 13 Shortly after, there was tremendous pressure to pass an international bill of rights placed on the Charter of the United Nations. In 1946, the United Nation created the Commission on Human Rights. 14 The Commission was responsible for the draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The draft committee includes the following: public fgures Dr. Charles Malik of Lebanon, Alexandre Bogomolov of USSR, Dr. Peng-chun Chang of China, Ren? © Cassin of France Eleanor Roosevelt of United States, Charles Dukes of United Kingdom, William Hodgson of Australia Hernan Santa Cruz of Chile, and John P. Humphrey of Canada. 15 Patrakis 4 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was shaped by seven different stages. In January and February of 1947, the first stage began with the First Session of the committee meeting. As the delegates discussed the content for the internal bill of rights draft, there was an issue about trusting a committee or the secretary with the drafting of the Declaration. The decision was for the Commission Human rights Chairman, Vice-chairman, Rapporteur and the Secretariat to develop the international bill of human rights draft. The second was the First Session of the Drafting Committee. This involved the process of drafting the document. 16 The third stage was Second Session of the full Commission. In December 1947, the Second Session took place. During this session, the different types of organization attend this include seventeen different groups for example American Federation of Labor, International Federation of Christian Trade Union, and Inter-parliamentary Union to name a few. These organization opinions were not viewed as important and were sent to the Commission by the Secretariat in forms of pr? ©cis. 17 The Second Session of the Drafting Committee started in May 1948. This was about discussing an agreement due to the delegates who were holding out on the adoption of declaration and the agreement of the inter bill of rights. The Third Session of the Commission discussion was intense due to the Commission wanting to shorten the burdensome of the draft. The sixth and seventh stages were about The Third Committee of the General Assembly and the Plenary Session of the 1948 Assembly. During the Plenary Session, there debate about Third General Assembly that had led to the approval of the Declaration. 18 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights symbolizes an agreement on different types of human rights for the first time between different nations. However, this declaration is not a legally Patraksi 5 binding treaty. 9 Floor explains, Authority for the United Nations efforts to implement human rights standards is found either in the text of the Charter or in subsequent internal agreement. 20 The issues of human right abuses such as discrimination, torture, child rights and treaties such as Social and Culture Rights are The member states are for the community in the issues allocated with Charter. For example, Article One expresses that the United Nations purpose is to protect human rights. 22 The countries voted for the document but have not been successful in applying those rights to their countries. Flood states, Even if some government do not accept human rights as good in themselves, most government want to be seen as civilized and humane by their peers and by the publics of countries whose cooperation is important to them. 23 In some cases countries will not defend the reasons for abusing citizens and instead will hide the violations. Floods explain, governments are willing to ignore the global community and violate the international human rights laws at the cost of an external relationship. Another effect of not applying to the UDHR Floor explains, political psychological, sometimes it directly affects material interest 24 Contemporary states must understand the consequences when determining internal policies; The United Nations human rights system now constitutes an external factor that any government must take into account in determining policies that affect practical observance of human rights25. Patrakis 6 The Universal Declaration Human Rights document is not actually u niversal. Roberts and Kingsbury explain, It remains the case, that, despite the existence of many purportedly definitive agreements on the subject, different societies have very different conceptions of the content and important of human rights. Due to the diverse concepts about human rights, there are different practices for these nations, and the changes will not occur quickly26. The most influential and powerful countries in Europe have demonstrated violations of the Universal Declaration Human Rights, despite having voted at General Assembly in 1948. 7 These countries include: the United Kingdom, France, and Turkey. The violations these countries have in common are torture and other ill-treatment. The torture and ill-treatment that has occurred in these counties involve law enforcement. In the United Kingdom, there were cases of ill-treatment against detainees in that intelligence officers were allegedly involved. For example, there was involvement of torture and other ill- treatment in the first case of unnamed individual. There have been other allegations of the United Kingdom participation in human rights violations towards detainees individuals detained. 8 Amnesty International a watch dog group, states that in France, The Criminal Code continued to lack a definition of torture in line with the UN Convention against Torture. There was a lack of prompt, independent, impartial and effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement officials. 29 For example, Lamba Soukouna alleged ill-treatment by police officers. In his statement, he explained, They hit me on the forehead with the butt of a flash-ball gun and started kicking me. I tried to tell them Take it easy. Im sick, Im sick. What have I done to deserve this? They didnt listen and Patrakis 7 kept going. 30 Soukouna said he was on his way home when the police in riot gear charging at a group of people. Soukouna entered his home and police ran inside and grabbed him from behind and pushed him against the wall and beat him severely31. In Turkey, torture and other ill-treatment cases have occurred in police transfer and prison continued. For example, Amnesty International states, two boys held at subject them to abuse including sexual abuse. 32 Under the Universal Declaration Human Rights United Kingdom, France, and Turkey have violated Article five under the document. The Article five states, No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment33. Article five demonstrates how these countries are not following the UDHR. This results in poor treatment and abuse. These examples show that countries are failing to follow UDHR due to this document not being a legally treaty. Therefore, countries are selecting seriate articles to follow under the Universal Declaration Human Rights. Another case of human rights violation in the United Kingdom involv es a legal and policy development that goes against the Declaration. The Justice and Security Bill were published by the United Kingdom government. The Bill expensed closed material procedures to civil cases,34 which the government claimed that such measures were necessary for purposes connected with protecting members of the public from a risk of terrorism. 35 The government would be allowed to use secret Patrakis 8 evidence presented to the court behind closed doors. This would exclude the plaintiff, lawyer and the public. 36 The Bill is allowing sensitive information to be disclosed to and this contains information pertaining to alleged human rights violations, which would assist individuals in a case against a third party. 7 There are concerns that the Bill challenged ethics of equality and open Justice. Amnesty International states, the effort made for victims of human rights violations setback due to secure disclosure of material related to those violations before the courts. 38 The government perceptive of the Bill claim was Judges would have more hearings of national security cases. 39 The Justice and Security Bill viol ates Article ten of the Universal Declaration Human Rights. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his ights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. 40 The Justice and Security Bill can affect the outcome of a fair trial. The Bill will allow secret evidence in court only to certain individuals as a result plaintiff and his or her laws are excluded for the evidence which could result in an unfair trial. For example, evidence could be manipulated from being withheld or allowed which could cause the plaintiff being deprived from a fair trial. Under the Universal Declaration Human Rights Article seven states, All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. 41 However, in France there have been numerous counts of discrimination such as Patrakis 9 disability 56 percent,42 religion or beliefs 55 percent,43 and sexual orientation 61 percent. 44 For example, there have been cases of Muslim women and girls discriminated against. For Muslim women they are denied of a Job and for young girls, they are prevented from attending classes because of headscarf. Marco Perolini expressed, Wearing religious and cultural symbols and dress is part of the right of reedom of expression. It is part of the right to freedom of religion or belief and eighteen Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. 46 The evidence Perolini reveals that France government is not supporting or applying Article eighteen. The reason political parties and public officials are not opposing the ban on headscarf or reventing additionally discrimination Muslim communities are up against is there need pursuit for votes for the population. This reveals how little power the Universal Declaration Human Rig hts have in the aspects in government. When political parties or government officials are running for re-election or preparing to run they are willing to stop at nothing to gains support or votes. As a consequences legation will not be enforced unless it is poplar issue. Patrakis 10 The Universal Declaration Human Rights states, in Article four No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their orms. 47 Unfortunately, in Turkey, Article four has been broken due to modern day slavery where women, children and men are entrapped in some form of slavery. In some cases people are kidnapped and forced into the sex industries. The most common form of slavery is women. According to Sharma and Atria, Trafficking in women for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a multibillion dollar shadow market. The value of the global trade in women as commodities for sex industries is estimated to be between seven and twelve billion dollar annually. 48 The amounts of money these smugglers can reactive demonstrate the reason for eighty percent of omen and girls being victims of sex slavery and thirty-nine point seven percent from Turkey. 49 The preferred location for trafficking women is Turkey based on geographic location bordering and bridging. 0 Due to the high percent of women and children are trafficked and the easy access and McGarre explain, Turkey is developing protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking. Turkey has endorsed the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. In eighty-one cities in Turkey are accordance in accepted the international definition. However, and McGarre state, operationalization of human traffickin g as a rime is not quite as straight forward as in other type of crimes because of the small number of cases of human trafficking in most cities. In fifty-eight cities, there were no cases and in twenty-three cities there were one or more cases on human Patrakis 11 tracking during that year. 51 Even though, the Turkey government is anti-traffcking and is trying to improvements in its efforts to convict and smugglers there is still gaps in their system. Human rights violation still continues throughout the international communities even though, the Universal Declaration Human Rights has been adopted. The reason this document was created was to prevent the next generation from devastation of international conflict. The document has no legally binding effect because it is not a legal treaty. Therefore, the document can only be that had voted for the Universal Declaration Human Rights have violated those rights. The United Kingdom, Turkey and France have demonstrated different types of violations against the document. As a result of these countries not supporting certain articles in the document, this demonstrates that the United Nations has not been successful at enforcing UDHR. Bibliography Trafficking: a Historical Cohort Study. BMC Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (September 2013): 1-11 . Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October21 , 2013). Amnesty International. In Amnesty International Report 2013. London: Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 2013. Amnesty International. Left in the Dark The Use of Secret Evidence in the United Kingdom. London: Amnesty International, 2012. Bukey, Evan B. Hitlers Hometown under Nazi Rule: Linz, Austria, 1938-45. Central European History (Brill Academic Publishers) 16, no. 2 Oune 1983): 171 . Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2013). DarraJ, Susan M. In The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Overcoming Hurdles. 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April 23, 2012, accessed October 10, 2013, http:// www. amnesty. org/en/news/muslims-discriminated-against-demonstrating-their- faith-2012-04-23 Mcguinness, Margaret E. Peace v. Justice: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights nd the Modern Origins of the Debate. Diplomatic History 35, no. 5 (November 2011): 749-768. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2013). Patrakis 13 Morsink, Johannes. In The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, Salman, Salman M. , and Siobh? ¤n Lankford. The human right to water legal and policy dimensions. Distract Colombia: World Bank, 2004. Sharma, ManoJ, and Ashutosh Atri . Essentials of International Health. Sudbury: Bartlett Publishers,2010. Soukouna, LambaFrance. Interview. Police ill-treatment in France: Lamba Soukouna. Amnesty International, Europe, September 12, 2009. Sreenivasan, Jyotsna. In Poverty and the Government in America: a Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009. Toktas, Sule, and Hande Selimoglu. Smuggling and Trafficking in Turkey: An Analysis of Ell-Turkey Cooperation in Combating Transnational Organized Crime. Journal Of Balkan Near Eastern Studies 14, no. 1 (March 2012): 135-150. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October21 , 2013). United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 60th Anniversary Special Edition, 1948-2008. New York: united Nations, 2008. Winstone, Martin. In The Holocaust Sites of Europe an Historical Guide. London: Taurus, 2010.